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Best Biology Dissertation Help in the UK (2026-2027)

A biology dissertation is the largest piece of work in your degree, and examiners reward projects that are tightly aligned from research question to conclusion. EasyMarks provides biology dissertation help for UK students at undergraduate, master's and doctoral level, written by specialists who understand both the scientific method and current peer-reviewed evidence and what UK markers look for. You can commission a full dissertation or just the stage you are stuck on.

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What's included with every Biology dissertation

Every order comes with the things UK markers actually reward: a focused argument matched to your question, evidence from credible and current sources, accurate referencing, and writing that engages critically with the scientific method and current peer-reviewed evidence. You also get free amendments until the work matches your brief, an originality and AI-detection report, on-time delivery, and a fully confidential service.

Popular Biology topics we cover

Our biology writers work across the whole syllabus. Frequently requested topics include:

Biology modules we support

We regularly help students across core biology modules, including:

How we help at each dissertation stage

Common biology challenges – and how we fix them

Most marks in biology are lost in predictable places. The students we help usually struggle with interpreting experimental data, linking concepts across scales, and accurate scientific referencing. We tackle each directly: a specialist writer plans the piece against your rubric, grounds it in the scientific method and current peer-reviewed evidence, and references it precisely, so the finished model shows exactly the depth examiners reward.

Levels and deadlines we cover

We support biology students from first-year undergraduate through to master's and PhD level, matching the depth of analysis and breadth of reading to your year and grade target. Turnaround is flexible: standard timescales for planned work, and short-deadline support when something has crept up on you. Whatever the level, the work is built around your rubric and learning outcomes so it counts where the marks are.

Referencing and academic integrity

Every biology dissertation is written from scratch and referenced in Harvard, APA, OSCOLA, MLA or your university house style. We run Turnitin-style and AI-detection checks on all work and supply it as a confidential model to support your own submission, never as something to hand in unchanged. Your details and brief are kept private.

Why UK students choose EasyMarks for biology

Our biology work is handled by UK-based academics with real subject and marking experience, not general essay-mill writers. You get a writer who knows the scientific method and current peer-reviewed evidence, free amendments until the work matches your brief, on-time delivery, and a confidential service. Use the instant price calculator above for a quote, or send your brief and we will match you with the right biology specialist.

Frequently asked questions

What does your Biology dissertation help include?

We help with every stage of a biology dissertation: from interpreting experimental data to linking concepts across scales. Each piece is written from scratch, referenced in Harvard, APA, OSCOLA, MLA or your university house style, and checked for originality before delivery.

Which Biology topics can you cover?

Our writers cover the full biology curriculum, including cell and molecular biology, genetics, ecology and evolution and physiology. If your brief is more specialised, we match you with a writer in that area.

Will the work be original and AI-checked?

Yes. Every biology dissertation is written individually and passed through Turnitin-style and AI-detection checks, then supplied as a confidential model to guide your own submission.

Can you follow my marking rubric and referencing?

Absolutely. We write to your exact rubric and learning outcomes, using the scientific method and current peer-reviewed evidence and your required referencing style, which is where higher marks are won.

How quickly can you deliver?

Turnaround depends on length and level; use the instant price calculator on this page to see options, including short-deadline support, and request a confidential quote.

Ready to start? Use the instant price calculator above for a confidential biology dissertation quote, or send us your brief and required deadline and we will match you with a specialist writer.

What UK Students Say About Our Biology Dissertation Help

★★★★★

My BSc Biology dissertation at Bristol investigated the effect of urban heat island microhabitats on ground beetle (Carabidae) community diversity — sampling across 18 paired urban-rural transects in Greater Bristol using pitfall trapping and identifying 47 species, applying Shannon diversity indices and indicator species analysis in R. Expert academic support with multivariate community ecology statistics (PERMANOVA in vegan package), and structuring an ecological field study write-up clearly was invaluable.

Daniel W., BSc Biology, University of Bristol
★★★★★

I researched CRISPR-Cas9 off-target editing in human iPSCs — designing guide RNAs targeting the AAVS1 safe harbour locus, quantifying off-target sites using GUIDE-seq bioinformatics pipeline and validating by Sanger sequencing, achieving on-target efficiency of 73% with no detected off-target editing at the top 5 predicted sites. Expert help with the bioinformatics pipeline (Bowtie2 alignment, CRISPOR off-target prediction), and writing up gene editing results for a molecular biology audience was outstanding.

Mei L., MSc Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Edinburgh
★★★★★

My dissertation at UCL examined mycobiome composition and diversity in UK chalk grassland soils under rewilding restoration — using ITS2 amplicon sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) processed through QIIME2 with SILVA classifier, comparing fungal community structure across restoration age gradients and using redundancy analysis to identify soil pH as the primary driver. Expert guidance on amplicon sequencing bioinformatics, NMDS ordination visualisation in ggplot2, and writing a microbiome dissertation was exceptional.

Rachel G., BSc Ecology and Conservation, University College London

Key Biology Dissertation Challenges We Resolve

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular biology for dissertations — gene expression and regulation (RNA-seq analysis — Trimmomatic QC — STAR alignment — DESeq2 differential expression — heatmaps in R; qRT-PCR — 2^-ΔΔCt method — reference gene validation — GeNorm; single-cell RNA-seq — 10x Genomics — Seurat analysis pipeline; ChIP-seq for transcription factor binding; ATAC-seq for chromatin accessibility; CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing — guide RNA design — off-target prediction — CRISPOR; whole genome sequencing — Illumina short-read vs Oxford Nanopore long-read; variant calling — GATK HaplotypeCaller — SNP and indel annotation — Ensembl VEP), protein biochemistry (SDS-PAGE and western blotting — antibody validation; co-immunoprecipitation for protein-protein interactions; pull-down assays; yeast two-hybrid; ELISA — sandwich format — standard curve quantification; protein purification — His-tag affinity chromatography — FPLC; circular dichroism for secondary structure; AlphaFold2 structure prediction — validation with experimental data), cell biology (cell culture — HEK293, HeLa — aseptic technique; transfection — lipofection, electroporation; confocal microscopy — immunofluorescence — colocalization analysis — Pearson's R in Fiji/ImageJ; flow cytometry — cell cycle analysis — propidium iodide; apoptosis — annexin V/PI staining; live-cell imaging — time-lapse; organoid culture — intestinal organoids), and genetics (Mendelian genetics — dihybrid crosses — epistasis; population genetics — Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium — allele frequency drift; QTL mapping — GWAS — UK Biobank datasets; phylogenetics — maximum likelihood — Bayesian — IQ-TREE — BEAST).

Ecology, Conservation, and Environmental Biology

Ecology and conservation for biology dissertations — field ecology methods (quadrat sampling — Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance; transect surveys — belt transect vs point intercept; mark-recapture — Lincoln-Petersen estimate — Cormack-Jolly-Seber; pitfall trapping and malaise traps for invertebrates; bird point count surveys — BTO methodology; acoustic monitoring — bat detectors — Anabat; eDNA sampling — water filtration — Qiagen extraction; fixed-point photography for phenology; UK-specific datasets — NBN Atlas — Biological Records Centre — GBIF), population and community ecology (Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models; competition — resource partitioning — niche theory — Hutchinson hypervolume; island biogeography — MacArthur and Wilson; metapopulation dynamics — Levins model; succession — Clements vs Gleason; food webs — trophic cascade — rewilding evidence — Yellowstone and Knepp Estate UK; biodiversity metrics — alpha, beta, gamma diversity — Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity; rarefaction curves; species distribution modelling — MaxEnt — Bioclim variables), conservation biology (IUCN Red List criteria — A-E; habitat fragmentation — landscape ecology — patch area and isolation; minimum viable population; inbreeding depression — effective population size; genetic rescue; reintroduction biology — IUCN guidelines; UK biodiversity targets — Environment Act 2021 — 30x30; Species Recovery Programme — NatureScot; Knepp rewilding estate case study; peatland restoration — UK Peatland Programme), and climate change biology (phenological mismatch — mismatch hypothesis — Visser and Both; range shifts — poleward and uphill movement — UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme data; coral bleaching — mass mortality events; arctic and alpine biodiversity loss; ocean acidification — calcification impacts — pH measurement; climate-species distribution modelling — IPCC RCP scenarios — bioclimatic envelope models).

Physiology, Microbiology, and Neuroscience

Physiology and microbiology for biology dissertations — animal physiology (cardiovascular physiology — Frank-Starling law — cardiac output regulation; respiratory physiology — ventilation-perfusion matching — diffusion capacity; endocrine system — hormone assays — ELISA and RIA; thermoregulation — ectotherms vs endotherms — metabolic rate — indirect calorimetry; neurophysiology — action potential — Hodgkin-Huxley model — patch clamp recording; renal physiology — countercurrent exchange; osmoregulation), plant biology (photosynthesis — Z-scheme — Calvin cycle — C3, C4, CAM plants; gas exchange — stomatal aperture regulation — CO2 and ABA signalling; plant hormones — auxin, gibberellin, ABA, cytokinin, ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathways; secondary metabolites — alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics — ecological roles; plant responses to drought and salinity — osmotic adjustment; mycorrhizal symbiosis — ecto and arbuscular mycorrhiza; plant cell walls — cellulose synthesis), microbiology (bacterial growth kinetics — Monod equation — batch vs continuous culture; antibiotic resistance mechanisms — beta-lactamase — ESKAPE pathogens; MRSA — Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors; Gram staining, culture, biochemical identification; 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for microbiome; bacteriophage biology — lytic vs lysogenic cycles; biofilm formation — quorum sensing — AI-2; gut microbiome — Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes ratio — dysbiosis; UK Public Health England AMR surveillance data), and neuroscience (synaptic transmission — neurotransmitter synthesis and release — receptor pharmacology; long-term potentiation — LTP — NMDA receptor — Bliss and Lomo; neuroimaging — fMRI BOLD signal — EEG — ERPs; zebrafish and Drosophila models for neurological disease; neural circuits — connectomics — C. elegans; neurogenesis in hippocampus — BrdU labelling; UK Dementia Research Institute — PDRA research programmes).

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

Bioinformatics for biology dissertations — sequence analysis (BLAST sequence alignment — local vs global — Smith-Waterman; multiple sequence alignment — ClustalW, MUSCLE, MAFFT; phylogenetic tree construction — neighbour-joining, maximum likelihood — IQ-TREE, RAxML, PhyML — bootstrap support; UPGMA; Bayesian phylogenetics — MrBayes — BEAST temporal phylogenetics; sequence databases — GenBank, UniProt, PDB, Ensembl), genomics (whole genome assembly — Velvet, SPAdes for short reads; Flye for long reads; genome annotation — Prokka for bacteria; MAKER for eukaryotes; RepeatMasker for transposable elements; gene prediction — Augustus; ortholog identification — OrthoFinder; synteny analysis — MCScan; comparative genomics; pangenome analysis — Roary; structural variant calling — Manta, Delly), RNA and expression analysis (RNA-seq pipeline — FastQC, Trimmomatic, STAR, featureCounts, DESeq2/edgeR; volcano plots and heatmaps; gene ontology — GO enrichment analysis — clusterProfiler in R; KEGG pathway analysis; single-cell RNA-seq — 10x Genomics — Cell Ranger — Seurat — UMAP/tSNE; spatial transcriptomics — Visium), proteomics and metabolomics (MaxQuant for mass spectrometry data; Perseus for statistical analysis; STRING for protein-protein interaction networks; LC-MS metabolomics — XCMS processing; MetaboAnalyst; metabolic flux analysis), and programming in biology (R for statistical analysis and ggplot2 visualisation; Python for bioinformatics scripting — Biopython; Bash scripting for pipeline automation; HPC cluster job submission — SLURM on UK HPC — ARCHER2; version control — Git — reproducible research — Snakemake and Nextflow workflows).

Laboratory Techniques and Statistics

Laboratory and statistical methods for biology dissertations — standard lab techniques (pipetting accuracy — micropipette calibration; sterile technique — laminar flow hood; spectrophotometry — Beer-Lambert law — Bradford and BCA protein assay; gel electrophoresis — agarose — TAE buffer — ethidium bromide safety; PCR — Tm calculation — primer design — Primer3; gel imaging — Image Lab software; centrifugation — RCF calculation; cryogenic storage — liquid nitrogen safety; autoclave — sterilisation cycles), experimental design (randomisation and replication — biological vs technical replicates; block design to control for batch effects; positive and negative controls; blinding in animal behaviour experiments; sample size calculation — power analysis — G*Power — Cohen's d for effect size; pilot experiment to estimate variance), statistical analysis for biology (t-test — Student's and Welch's; one-way ANOVA — Tukey HSD post-hoc; two-way ANOVA for interaction effects; non-parametric equivalents — Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis; correlation — Pearson and Spearman; linear regression — R2 — F-test; multiple comparison correction — Bonferroni, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR for omics data; multivariate statistics — PCA, PCoA, NMDS in R — vegan package — PERMANOVA; survival analysis — Kaplan-Meier curve — log-rank test; mixed-effects models — lme4 in R — repeated measures), and research integrity (lab notebook — electronic and paper — traceability; raw data storage — good research practice — UK Reproducibility Network; sharing data — NCBI SRA for sequencing — Zenodo; image integrity — no inappropriate manipulation — Nature guidelines; animal work — UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 — 3Rs — Replacement, Reduction, Refinement — Home Office licence; plant and soil sampling — Site of Special Scientific Interest — Natural England permit requirements).

Biology Research Methods and Academic Writing

Biology dissertation writing and research methods — primary literature (PubMed — MEDLINE database — NIH — free access to life sciences literature; Web of Science — citation analysis for impact; Scopus; Google Scholar; bioRxiv — preprints in biological sciences — not yet peer reviewed — check and cite the journal version when published; Research4Life for global access; journal search strategy — MeSH terms in PubMed for precise searching — Boolean operators — AND OR NOT; citation managers — Mendeley — Zotero), dissertation structure for biology (Abstract — 150-300 words — summarise aim, key methods, results, conclusion; Introduction — background — research gap — aim and objectives — hypothesis; Materials and Methods — full reproducibility — past tense passive — supplier names and cat numbers for reagents — instrument models — statistical software with version; Results — present data — figures and tables with legends — p-values with effect sizes — do not interpret; Discussion — interpret results in context of published literature — address hypothesis — alternative explanations — limitations; Conclusion; References; Appendices — raw data, ethics approval, supplementary figures), scientific writing (precise vocabulary — "significant" only for p<0.05 tested statistically; units with spaces — 5 mg not 5mg; SI units; gene names in italics — protein products upright; Homo sapiens in italics — H. sapiens after first mention; past tense for methods and results — present tense for established knowledge in introduction; avoid anthropomorphism — bacteria do not "want" to infect; figure legends are self-contained; number tables and figures separately), and UK-specific context (Natural Environment Research Council — NERC — UKRI funding for ecology and conservation research; Wellcome Trust genomics and molecular biology funding; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council — BBSRC; Sanger Institute Wellcome Genome Campus — major UK bioinformatics employer; Francis Crick Institute — London — flagship biomedical research institute). BSc biology dissertations typically 6,000-10,000 words; MSc dissertations 10,000-15,000 words at UK universities.

Biology Dissertation FAQs

Strong Biology dissertation topics for 2025: CRISPR base editing for sickle cell disease — therapeutic efficiency in haematopoietic stem cells; rewilding outcomes on ecosystem function — UK evidence from Knepp Estate or Cairngorms Connect; gut microbiome composition in Long COVID patients — 16S sequencing study; antibiotic resistance gene transfer in river sediments downstream of UK wastewater treatment plants; plastic pollution impact on marine invertebrate physiology — UK coastal field study; plant phenological shifts under climate change — 50-year UK phenology records — Woodland Trust Nature's Calendar; eDNA metabarcoding for river biodiversity monitoring — comparison with traditional surveying; AI-assisted species identification accuracy — iNaturalist crowdsourced vs expert identification; lichens as bioindicators of air quality improvement post-Clean Air Zone UK; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein evolution — comparative phylogenomics of Omicron subvariants — UK COG-UK surveillance data; gene expression changes in salmonid fish under freshwater thermal stress — RNA-seq; and soil carbon sequestration under different UK land management practices — peatland restoration vs arable conversion.

Biodiversity data analysis for ecology Biology dissertations: Diversity indices — species richness (S) — raw count of species; Shannon diversity index (H') = -Σ(pi × ln pi) where pi is the proportion of individuals belonging to species i — more sensitive to rare species; Simpson's D = 1 - Σpi2 — more weight to common species — 1-D ranges 0-1 higher is more diverse; evenness — Pielou's J' = H'/ln(S) — ranges 0-1; Faith's phylogenetic diversity for phylogenetically-weighted community metrics; beta diversity — Jaccard index for presence-absence data — Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for abundance data — ranges 0-1 — 0 = identical communities; rarefaction curves — accumulation curves — confirm adequate sampling effort — species-area relationship. Software in R: vegan package — diversity() for Shannon/Simpson; specaccum() for accumulation curves; vegdist() for dissimilarity matrices; adonis2() for PERMANOVA — tests community composition differences across groups while controlling for covariates; betadisper() for homogeneity of dispersion; ordination — metaMDS() for NMDS — ordiplot() for visualisation; envfit() to fit environmental variables to ordination. Presenting results — NMDS ordination plot — stress value reported (stress < 0.2 is acceptable — stress < 0.1 is good); PERMANOVA F-statistic and R2 and p-value; pairwise comparisons after PERMANOVA — pairwiseAdonis package. Indicator species analysis — indicspecies package — multipatt() — identifies species characteristic of particular site groups. Species distribution modelling — MaxEnt — spatial R packages — sf, terra — WorldClim or CHELSA climate rasters for UK.

Ethics and legal requirements for UK Biology dissertation research: Vertebrate animals — any experimental work involving living vertebrates (mice, rats, fish, birds) requires a Home Office Personal Licence under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA) — the 3Rs principle — Replacement (use alternatives), Reduction (minimise numbers), Refinement (minimise suffering) — your supervisor must hold a Project Licence — you work under their supervision; invertebrates — Cephalopoda (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) also protected under ASPA from 1st October 2013 — other invertebrates (insects, worms) not regulated but good practice applies; fish surveys — England and Wales — Environment Agency electrofishing licence required — close season restrictions apply — Freshwater Fisheries Act; bird watching and non-invasive surveys — no licence required for passive observation; ringing birds — British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) ringing licence; disturbing nesting birds — Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 — Schedule 1 species (e.g. barn owl, peregrine) — extra protection — Natural England derogation licence; protected species — surveying or handling — great crested newt — dormouse — bats — Natural England European Protected Species licence; collecting plant material — non-native invasive species — Japanese knotweed — seeds must not be spread — Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Schedule 9; access to private land — landowner permission in writing; Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) — Natural England notification required for any work that may affect features; tissue/human samples — NHS ethics approval — HRA — if relevant; GMO work — Contained Use Regulations 2014 — institutional GM safety committee approval; import and export of biological materials — CITES permits for protected species — DEFRA. Always get approvals in writing and retain documentation — submit copies in dissertation appendix.

Biology dissertation Methods section — the purpose is reproducibility: another competent researcher should be able to repeat your experiment exactly from your Methods alone. Key principles: write in past tense passive voice ("Samples were centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C" — not "I centrifuged"); specify all reagents — chemical name, catalogue number, supplier and location in parentheses ("Trizol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 15596026, Waltham MA, USA)"); state instrument model numbers ("NanoDrop One spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific"); give volumes, concentrations, and temperatures precisely — SI units; describe statistical analysis in methods not results — which tests, software version, R version and package versions, significance threshold (α = 0.05); cite published protocols you adapted ("...according to the manufacturer's instructions with the following modifications..."); for field work — state GPS coordinates of field sites — or UK OS Grid Reference — sampling dates — weather conditions if relevant; describe your sampling design fully — number of sites, replicates, sample sizes; do not write a recipe-style numbered list — write flowing prose with subheadings (Organism/Study System; Field Sampling; Laboratory Analysis; Statistical Analysis); common mistakes — missing statistical power justification; not stating sample sizes in methods (belongs here, not just results); using brand name alone without full details; describing results in methods ("samples were centrifuged until a clear pellet formed" describes result — instead "samples were centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min"); inconsistent units — always write × g not rpm for centrifuge speed. Software-specific: R version 4.3.1; state which packages used (vegan v2.6-4 for community ecology analysis; lme4 v1.1-35 for mixed-effects models); SPSS version 29 — IBM SPSS Statistics; GraphPad Prism 10.

Biology dissertation literature databases and journals: Primary databases — PubMed (NCBI — free — MEDLINE — life sciences — essential for molecular biology, physiology, biochemistry; MeSH term searching is more precise than keyword — use the MeSH database to identify correct terms; PubMed filters — publication type, date, species); Web of Science (Thomson Reuters — citation analysis — useful for h-index of candidate references and finding citing papers); Scopus (Elsevier — similar to WoS — slightly different journal coverage); Google Scholar (broad — finds grey literature and theses — useful for initial scoping but less precise); bioRxiv (preprint server for biology — Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory — check if a peer-reviewed version exists before citing). Ecology and conservation — Web of Ecology; Global Ecology and Biogeography; Ecology Letters; Journal of Animal Ecology; Journal of Ecology; Conservation Biology; Biological Conservation; Diversity and Distributions; Ecography; Methods in Ecology and Evolution; Wildlife Biology; Oryx; Freshwater Biology; Journal of Applied Ecology. Molecular biology and genetics — Nature Genetics; Cell; Molecular Cell; Genome Research; Nucleic Acids Research; PLoS Genetics; PLoS Biology; eLife; PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences); Genetics; The Plant Journal; Development. Physiology and biochemistry — Journal of Physiology; American Journal of Physiology; Journal of Experimental Biology (widely used in UK for comparative physiology — Company of Biologists — Cambridge); Biochemical Journal (Portland Press — UK); FEBS Journal. UK-specific data sources — NBN Atlas (National Biodiversity Network — UK species records); NBDC — Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland; BTO (British Trust for Ornithology — BirdTrack data); JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation Committee); CABI for applied biology; Natural England evidence base; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (now UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology — UKCEH) — datasets and reports. Review articles: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics; Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE); Nature Reviews Genetics; Physiological Reviews — excellent for dissertation background reading.

Statistics and figure presentation in Biology dissertations: Reporting statistics — always include test statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value — e.g. (t(28) = 3.47, p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 0.65) — do not just say "statistically significant"; report exact p-values to 3 decimal places (p = 0.023 not p < 0.05 — exception: p < 0.001 is acceptable); include effect sizes — Cohen's d for t-tests; η2 or ω2 for ANOVA — f2 for regression; R2 for correlation; partial η2 for mixed designs; include 95% confidence intervals where possible; mean ± standard deviation for descriptive statistics (not standard error unless specified); for ANOVA report post-hoc test used and significance threshold after correction; for multivariate ecology — PERMANOVA — report F, R2, p-value. Figures — use R (ggplot2) or GraphPad Prism for publication-quality figures; axis labels must include units — "Body mass (g)"; bars should show individual data points overlaid (not just bar with error bar — this is now expected in ecology and biology — use beeswarm or jitter; boxplots preferable to bar charts for non-normal data); use colour-blind safe palettes — viridis or ColorBrewer RColorBrewer — do not rely on red/green alone; resolution for print — 300 dpi minimum — 600 dpi preferred; figure legends must be fully self-contained — describe all elements — n per group; statistical annotations on figures — asterisks with explanation in legend (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, NS p ≥ 0.05); do not 3D effects on graphs; avoid dual y-axis plots (hard to interpret — use separate panels). Tables — use borders only for top and bottom of table and below header row (journal style — no vertical lines); all columns have units; table legend above the table (opposite to figure legend which is below). All statistics performed in — state software and version — R v4.3.1 (R Core Team, 2023) — cite as specified on the R website.