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Chemical thermodynamics: laws of thermodynamics (zeroth law — thermal equilibrium transitivity; first law — dU = q + w — internal energy; enthalpy H = U + pV; Hess's law; Kirchhoff equation — temperature dependence of ΔH; second law — dS ≥ dq/T — entropy; Boltzmann S = k ln W; Gibbs — dG = dH − TdS — spontaneity at constant T; p; maximum non-expansion work; third law — S → 0 as T → 0; standard molar entropy); chemical equilibrium (equilibrium constant K — thermodynamic vs concentration vs pressure — Kc; Kp; Ka; relationship ΔG° = −RT ln K; Le Chatelier's principle; van't Hoff equation — temperature dependence of K; activity — standard state; activity coefficients — Debye-Hückel limiting law; solubility equilibria — Ksp; common ion effect; pH calculations — weak acid; polyprotic; buffers — Henderson-Hasselbalch; titrations — equivalence point; acid-base indicators); chemical kinetics (rate laws — elementary vs composite reactions; rate-determining step approximation; steady-state approximation (SSA) — intermediates; pre-equilibrium; Lindemann mechanism; Arrhenius equation — k = A exp(−Ea/RT); activation energy; collision theory — steric factor; transition state theory — Eyring equation — k = (kBT/h) exp(−ΔG‡/RT) — activation enthalpy and entropy; enzyme kinetics — Michaelis-Menten — Km; Vmax; kcat — turnover number; kcat/Km — specificity constant; inhibition kinetics — competitive; uncompetitive; non-competitive — Lineweaver-Burk plots; isotope effects — kinetic isotope effect KIE — primary; secondary; tunnelling; electrochemistry — standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation E = E° − (RT/nF)ln Q; Butler-Volmer equation — overpotential; electrochemical cells; fuel cells; batteries — Li-ion; redox flow; cyclic voltammetry). Statistical mechanics: Boltzmann distribution; partition function q = Σ exp(−εi/kBT) — translational; rotational; vibrational; electronic contributions; ensemble theory — canonical; grand canonical; calculation of thermodynamic properties from partition functions; equipartition theorem; heat capacities — Dulong-Petit; Einstein and Debye models; quantum statistics — Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Dirac.

Organic mechanisms: carbonyl chemistry (nucleophilic addition to aldehydes/ketones — cyanohydrin; Grignard; RLi; hydride reduction — NaBH4 selectivity vs LiAlH4; Wittig reaction — ylide; Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons — phosphonate; Baeyer-Villiger oxidation — m-CPBA — migration aptitude; aldol reaction — enolate formation — kinetic vs thermodynamic enolate — LDA vs NaH; crossed aldol; directed aldol — Evans auxiliary; Claisen condensation — Dieckmann — intramolecular; Knoevenagel; Mannich; acyl substitution — esters; anhydrides; acid chlorides; amides — relative reactivity — tetrahedral intermediate; Michael addition — 1,4-conjugate — enolate nucleophile); aromatic chemistry (electrophilic aromatic substitution — arenium ion — Wheland intermediate — nitration; halogenation; Friedel-Crafts acylation; sulfonation; activating and deactivating groups — ortho/para/meta directors — resonance and inductive effects; nucleophilic aromatic substitution — SNAr — Meisenheimer complex — electron-withdrawing groups; benzyne mechanism; Birch reduction; diazonium chemistry; heterocyclic chemistry — pyridine; pyrrole; furan; thiophene; imidazole — pKa; reactivity; synthesis); pericyclic reactions (Woodward-Hoffmann rules — orbital symmetry conservation; Diels-Alder — [4+2] cycloaddition — endo rule; diene; dienophile; Lewis acid catalysis; stereochemistry — syn addition; 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition — 1,3-dipoles — nitrile oxide; azide; carbonyl ylide; sigmatropic rearrangements — [3,3] Cope; Claisen; [2,3]-Wittig; [1,5]-H shift; electrocyclic reactions — thermal/photochemical — butadiene → cyclobutene — conrotatory/disrotatory); retrosynthesis and total synthesis (Corey disconnection approach — synthons — retrosynthetic arrow; functional group interconversion FGI; protecting groups — THP; TBS; PMB; Cbz; Boc; Fmoc; complex natural product synthesis — Taxol — Nicolaou; Holton; Danheiser; asymmetric synthesis — chiral pool — Evans; Sharpless epoxidation; asymmetric hydrogenation — Noyori — Nobel 2001; organocatalysis — MacMillan; List — Nobel 2021 — proline-catalysed aldol; NHC carbene catalysis).

Inorganic chemistry: coordination chemistry (coordination compounds — Werner theory; crystal field theory (CFT) — d-orbital splitting — octahedral: t2g; eg — Δoct; tetrahedral: e; t2 — Δtet = 4/9 Δoct; square planar; spectrochemical series — ligand field strength; high spin vs low spin — CFSE — pairing energy; ligand field theory (LFT) — molecular orbital approach; pi-donor and pi-acceptor ligands — trans influence; trans effect — thermodynamic vs kinetic; Jahn-Teller distortion — Cu²⁺; Mn³⁺; d⁹ octahedral — tetragonal elongation; coordination geometry — chelate effect — entropy — multidentate ligands — EDTA; porphyrin; salen; thermodynamic stability vs kinetic inertness — Cr³⁺ inert; Cu²⁺ labile; substitution mechanisms — dissociative D; associative A; interchange Ia; Id; Berry pseudorotation; isomerism — geometric; optical; linkage; ionisation; hydrate); organometallic chemistry (18-electron rule — electron counting; metal carbonyls — Cr(CO)6; synergic bonding — CO sigma donation; pi backbonding; CO stretching frequency diagnostic; ferrocene — discovery; Wilkinson's catalyst — [RhCl(PPh3)3] — homogeneous hydrogenation; oxidative addition; reductive elimination; insertion; Ziegler-Natta catalyst — TiCl4/AlEt3 — polymerisation; olefin metathesis — Grubbs catalyst — Nobel 2005 — alkylidene mechanism; cross-coupling reactions — Pd catalysis — Suzuki-Miyaura; Heck; Negishi; Sonogashira — Nobel 2010 — oxidative addition; transmetalation; reductive elimination). Materials chemistry: solid state structures (close-packed structures — hcp; fcp (ccp); rock salt; zinc blende; fluorite; Perovskite — ABO3 — BaTiO3 ferroelectric; defects — Schottky; Frenkel; non-stoichiometry — transition metal oxides; band theory — valence band; conduction band; band gap — metals; semiconductors; insulators; doping — n-type; p-type; p-n junction; photovoltaics — silicon; perovskite solar cells — NREL efficiency record); nanomaterials and surfaces (surface energy; Gibbs adsorption isotherm; Langmuir isotherm; BET surface area measurement; catalyst characterisation; nanoparticles — quantum confinement — quantum dots; gold nanoparticles — surface plasmon resonance; graphene; CNTs; MOFs — metal-organic frameworks — gas storage; catalysis; drug delivery; zeolites — shape selectivity; FCC catalytic cracking; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis).

Analytical techniques: spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy — Beer-Lambert law A = εcl — molar absorptivity; chromophores; n→π* and π→π* transitions; solvatochromism; fluorescence spectroscopy — Jablonski diagram; fluorescence lifetime; FRET — Förster resonance energy transfer — 1/r⁶ dependence — distance measurement; fluorescence microscopy — confocal; TIRF; STED; PALM/STORM; NMR spectroscopy — chemical shift — shielding; coupling constants J — vicinal 3J — Karplus equation — dihedral angle; DEPT — H-X correlations; 2D NMR — COSY — H-H coupling; HMBC — 2-3 bond H-C long range; HSQC; NOESY — nuclear Overhauser effect — through space; ROESY; solid-state NMR — ¹³C CP-MAS; ²⁹Si; solid materials; mass spectrometry — ionisation methods: EI — fragmentation patterns; ESI — multiply charged — proteins; MALDI-TOF — polymers; proteins; APCI; mass analysers: quadrupole — Q; ion trap — IT; TOF — pulsed; Orbitrap — FT-MS — mass resolution >100,000; fragmentation methods: CID; HCD; ETD; ECD — top-down proteomics; accurate mass <5 ppm; isotope pattern — molecular formula confirmation; separations: HPLC-MS/MS — MRM — quantitative; UHPLC; nanoLC; GC-MS — EI library matching; capillary electrophoresis — CE-MS; ICP-MS — elemental analysis — metals; isotope ratio; FT-IR — ATR sampling — solid; liquid; gas; thin film; Raman — complementary selection rules — wavenumber shift; SERS — surface-enhanced; X-ray crystallography — powder XRD — d-spacing — Bragg equation; single crystal structure determination — synchrotron; electron diffraction). Electroanalytical methods: potentiometry — ISE — ion-selective electrode; pH electrode — glass membrane; voltammetry — cyclic; LSV; DPV — diffusion-limited current; Cottrell equation; stripping voltammetry; coulometry; electrogravimetry; amperometry — glucose sensor — GOx — Clark electrode — biosensors; impedance spectroscopy — EIS — Nyquist plot; equivalent circuit; corrosion monitoring.

Medicinal chemistry: drug design (target identification — human genome; proteomics; structure-based drug design — SBDD — X-ray crystallography of protein-ligand complex — docking — AutoDock; Glide; free energy perturbation — FEP; fragment-based drug discovery — FBDD — NMR screening — X-ray triage; lead optimisation — SAR — structure-activity relationship; bioisosteres — replacing COOH with tetrazole — metabolic stability; Lipinski Ro5 — oral bioavailability — MW <500; LogP <5; H-bond donors <5; acceptors <10; prodrug strategies — ester hydrolysis; Vyvanse — lisdexamfetamine; ADMET: absorption — intestinal permeability — Caco-2; P-gp efflux; distribution — volume of distribution Vd; plasma protein binding; CNS penetration — P-gp; metabolism — CYP450 isoforms — CYP3A4 major metaboliser; CYP2D6; glucuronidation; first-pass effect; drug-drug interactions; excretion — renal clearance — GFR; tubular secretion; toxicity — hERG channel blockade — cardiac QT prolongation; reactive metabolite formation — glutathione trapping — idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity); pharmacophores and target classes (GPCRs — allosteric vs orthosteric modulators; kinase inhibitors — ATP-competitive — DFG-in vs out — imatinib — BCR-ABL; erlotinib — EGFR; protein-protein interactions — difficult targets — BET bromodomains — JQ1; MDM2-p53 — Nutlin; targeted protein degradation — PROTAC — bifunctional — VHL or CRBN recruiter — warhead; linker; E3 ligase ligand; covalent drugs — irreversible — afatinib; acrylamide warhead; KRAS G12C — sotorasib — AMG510 — covalent switch II pocket); antibiotics and resistance (beta-lactam mechanism — PBP inhibition — transpeptidase inhibition — cell wall biosynthesis; beta-lactamase inhibitors — clavulanate; tazobactam; avibactam; glycopeptides — vancomycin — D-Ala-D-Lac resistance — VRE; aminoglycosides; fluoroquinolones — DNA gyrase; topoisomerase IV inhibition; MRSA mechanisms; WHO priority pathogens for R&D; antibiotic discovery pipeline). Green chemistry: 12 principles (Anastas and Warner 1998; atom economy — Trost; E-factor = mass waste/mass product — Sheldon; solvent selection — CHEM21 guide; water as solvent; ionic liquids; supercritical CO2; catalysis — heterogeneous; homogeneous; biocatalysis; flow chemistry — continuous flow — microreactors — improved heat/mass transfer; safety; waste reduction; renewable feedstocks — biomass; CO2 utilisation).

Quantum chemistry: Schrödinger equation (time-independent: Ĥψ = Eψ; Hamiltonian operator — kinetic + potential energy; particle in a box — quantised energy levels; En = n²h²/8mL² — wavefunctions — sine functions; harmonic oscillator — vibrational energy levels; zero-point energy; Morse potential — anharmonicity — overtones; rigid rotor — rotational energy levels; EJ = BJ(J+1) — selection rule ΔJ = ±1; hydrogen atom — exact solution — quantum numbers; hydrogenlike orbitals; multi-electron atoms — Hartree-Fock — self-consistent field SCF — orbital approximation; Slater determinant — antisymmetry — Pauli exclusion; electron correlation — configuration interaction CI; coupled cluster CCSD(T) — gold standard; perturbation theory — Møller-Plesset MP2; MP4); density functional theory (DFT) — Hohenberg-Kohn theorems — ground state energy functional of electron density; Kohn-Sham equations — effective single-particle — exchange-correlation functional; LDA; GGA — BLYP; PBE; hybrid functionals — B3LYP; PBE0 — HF exchange; range-separated — CAM-B3LYP; London dispersion — DFT-D3 — Grimme correction; semiempirical methods — AM1; PM3; PM7; GFN2-xTB — fast geometry optimisation; basis sets — STO-nG minimal; Pople 6-31G*; correlation consistent cc-pVTZ; Dunning; plane waves — periodic DFT — VASP; Quantum ESPRESSO — solid state; virtual screening; QSAR — quantitative structure-activity relationship — descriptors — Wiener index; topological — ML-QSAR — random forest; neural network — deep learning drug design; molecular dynamics — AMBER; CHARMM; GROMACS — force fields — protein folding; free energy methods — FEP; thermodynamic integration; metadynamics; Monte Carlo methods; ab initio MD — Car-Parrinello; Born-Oppenheimer; quantum computing applications — variational quantum eigensolver VQE — NISQ era — quantum advantage for chemistry simulations).